Photovoltaics is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity through solar panels. The use of solar energy to generate electricity is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional energy sources, mainly because of its environmental friendliness and sustainability. Photovoltaic systems are an efficient and clean way of generating energy that contributes to reducing the carbon footprint and independence from fossil fuels.
The basis of a photovoltaic system is solar panels composed of photovoltaic cells, which are most often made of silicon. When sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell, electrons in the silicon are released and start moving, generating an electric current. The current thus produced is direct current (DC), but it needs to be converted to alternating current (AC) for use in a normal household or for connection to the electricity grid. This process is provided by an inverter which converts the DC current into AC and allows it to be used in the home or sold to the grid.
Photovoltaic systems can be installed on the roofs of buildings, on facades or on land. Depending on the orientation and inclination of the panels, different levels of efficiency can be achieved. The ideal orientation is towards the south with an angle of 30-35°, which allows for maximum solar capture throughout the year. If the installation is not oriented optimally, the efficiency may be lower, but modern technologies such as solar tracking systems can partially compensate for this difference.
One of the important aspects of photovoltaics is the environmental benefit. Solar energy produces no greenhouse gas emissions during its operation and does not require the use of fuel. Photovoltaics thus represent a clean source of energy that can make a significant contribution to reducing CO₂ emissions and slowing climate change. Although the production of solar panels and their subsequent recycling require energy, the overall environmental impact of PV systems is much smaller compared to traditional energy sources such as coal or gas.
Investing in photovoltaic systems also has economic benefits, as it allows households and businesses to reduce their electricity costs. Many countries have various subsidies, tax breaks or feed-in tariffs for electricity from renewable sources that encourage the development of solar energy.
Photovoltaics has huge potential for the future, especially with regard to the transition to sustainable energy sources. Solar systems will play a key role in the energy transition, which seeks to replace fossil fuels with clean sources. The development of photovoltaics contributes to building energy self-sufficient communities and cities and to creating jobs in the renewable energy sector.